Sabtu, 26 November 2016
What is a "Lingua Franca"? (Quick Video)
Sabtu, 19 November 2016
Biography of HEIDI E. HAMILTON
Heidi E. Hamilton is Professor
in the Department of Linguistics, Georgetown University where she teaches
courses in discourse analysis and applications of interactional
sociolinguistics. Her research interests focus on issues of discourse and Alzheimer's
disease, language and aging, and health discourse.
Her books include Conversations with an Alzheimer's Patient,Language and Communication in Old Age: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, Glimmers: A Journey into Alzheimer's Disease,Handbook of Discourse Analysis (with Tannen and Schiffrin),Linguistics, Language, and the Professions (with Alatis and Tan), Doing Foreign Language (with Crane and Bartoshesky), and Handbook of Language and Health Communication (with Chou). Her current book project is titled Language, Dementia, and Meaning Making: Navigating Everyday Challenges of Epistemic Understanding and Face. She has given plenary lectures at a range of linguistics, health, and aging conferences and workshops around the world, including in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Japan, Norway, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Major awards include the Fulbright Distinguished Chair in Linguistics in Innsbruck, Austria and DAAD Gastdozentin in Berlin, Germany. For the past forty-plus summers, she has taught German and carried out research as Village Mentor at the K-12 language and cultural immersion programs of Concordia Language Villages in northern Minnesota http://www.concordialanguagevillages.org/.
Heidi lives in Rockville, Maryland with her husband, Dan, Professor at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. Their son, Sean, studies at Lawrence University in Wisconsin. Their daughter, Siri, lives in Massachusetts with her husband, Shawn, and teaches third grade in Boston.
Her books include Conversations with an Alzheimer's Patient,Language and Communication in Old Age: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, Glimmers: A Journey into Alzheimer's Disease,Handbook of Discourse Analysis (with Tannen and Schiffrin),Linguistics, Language, and the Professions (with Alatis and Tan), Doing Foreign Language (with Crane and Bartoshesky), and Handbook of Language and Health Communication (with Chou). Her current book project is titled Language, Dementia, and Meaning Making: Navigating Everyday Challenges of Epistemic Understanding and Face. She has given plenary lectures at a range of linguistics, health, and aging conferences and workshops around the world, including in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Japan, Norway, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Major awards include the Fulbright Distinguished Chair in Linguistics in Innsbruck, Austria and DAAD Gastdozentin in Berlin, Germany. For the past forty-plus summers, she has taught German and carried out research as Village Mentor at the K-12 language and cultural immersion programs of Concordia Language Villages in northern Minnesota http://www.concordialanguagevillages.org/.
Heidi lives in Rockville, Maryland with her husband, Dan, Professor at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. Their son, Sean, studies at Lawrence University in Wisconsin. Their daughter, Siri, lives in Massachusetts with her husband, Shawn, and teaches third grade in Boston.
Academic and
Professional History
Ø
Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.
2007- present Professor, Department
of Linguistics Chair, Department of Linguistics, 2009-2015
The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) Visiting Professorship Award (Gastdozentin)
John-F-Kennedy-Institut für Nordamerikastudien, Freie Universität Berlin,
Germany, Spring 2008
1997-2007 Associate Professor,
Department of Linguistics Fulbright Distinguished Chair in Linguistics,
University of Innsbruck, Austria, Spring 2003
1992-1997 Assistant Professor on the
tenure track Department of Linguistics
1990-1992 Visiting Assistant
Professor, Department of Linguistics
Ø
Freie Universität Berlin (Free University of
Berlin), Germany
1985-1989: Lecturer
(Lehrbeauftragte), Department of Linguistics John F. Kennedy Institute of North
American Studies
Ø
Concordia Language Villages, Concordia
College, Minnesota
2015-present: Village Mentor
2005-2015: Senior Researcher
1992-2005: Research Coordinator
(summers only)
1973-1992: variety of positions
including Assistant Dean and Program Director
Educational Background
Ph.D. in Linguistics, Georgetown
University, Washington, D.C., 1989. With distinction.
M.S. in Linguistics, Georgetown
University, Washington, D.C., 1983.
B.A. St. Olaf College, Northfield,
Minnesota, 1977. Summa cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa.
Teaching and Mentoring
·
Introduction
to Linguistics
·
Introduction
to Sociolinguistics
·
Discourse
Analysis: Conversation
·
Language
and Political Power in the United States
Courses taught at Universität
Innsbruck (as Fulbright Distinguished Chair
in Linguistics 2003)
·
Discourse
Analysis: Conversation
·
Discourse
Analysis: Narrative
·
Doctor-Patient
Communication
|
Review (Children First Language Acquisition At Age 1-3 Years Old In Balata)
Children First Language Acquisition At Age 1-3 Years Old In Balata
Bertaria Sohnata Hutauruk
I. Introduction
Language acquisition is the process whereby children achieve a fluent control of their native language (Varshney, 2003:307). Language acquisition is the process of language acquisition done by children naturally when children learn their first language or mother tongue. The process of the child begin to recognize verbal communication with its surroundings. While the first language is the language that was first obtained by the child since birth.
Child generally acquire their first language component of the sitter and usually from mother called mother tongue. Therefore, the first language commonly called the mother tongue. First child acquire the language between infancy approximately one year, stems from hearing people talking to the baby then pay attention to the person's face and the baby responds according to his ability.
The objective of the research is to find the problems and approaches in acquiring first language acquisition at age 1-3 years old. The scope of the research is focused on a child named Mikhaya Estela who lived in ressort Balata.
Language acquisition is the process whereby children achieve a fluent control of their native language (Varshney, 2003:307). Language acquisition is the process of language acquisition done by children naturally when children learn their first language or mother tongue. The process of the child begin to recognize verbal communication with its surroundings. While the first language is the language that was first obtained by the child since birth.
Child generally acquire their first language component of the sitter and usually from mother called mother tongue. Therefore, the first language commonly called the mother tongue. First child acquire the language between infancy approximately one year, stems from hearing people talking to the baby then pay attention to the person's face and the baby responds according to his ability.
The objective of the research is to find the problems and approaches in acquiring first language acquisition at age 1-3 years old. The scope of the research is focused on a child named Mikhaya Estela who lived in ressort Balata.
II. Review Of
Literature
Language Acquisition
Language Acquisition is meant process whereby children achieve a fluent control of their native language (Varshney, 2003:307). The ability to get and understand the language is inherited genetically but the particular language that children speak is culturally and environmentally transmitted to them. Children all over the world acquire their first language without tutoring.
Language acquisition is a process that takes place in the brain of a child when she gained her first language or mother tongue. Language acquisition usually distinguished by language learning. Learning the language associated with the processes that occur when a child learning a second language after she gained her first language. Thus, language acquisition with respect to the first language, while learning a second language with respect to language (Chaer, 2003: 167).
Language acquisition at age 1-3 years old occurs naturally. It is meant that a child is insensibly acquiring the language but the fact he/she can produce the language for communication. The process of acquiring the language at the age before 5 years old is called as Golden age. This period show the progress of language development from one stage to another.
Language Acquisition
Language Acquisition is meant process whereby children achieve a fluent control of their native language (Varshney, 2003:307). The ability to get and understand the language is inherited genetically but the particular language that children speak is culturally and environmentally transmitted to them. Children all over the world acquire their first language without tutoring.
Language acquisition is a process that takes place in the brain of a child when she gained her first language or mother tongue. Language acquisition usually distinguished by language learning. Learning the language associated with the processes that occur when a child learning a second language after she gained her first language. Thus, language acquisition with respect to the first language, while learning a second language with respect to language (Chaer, 2003: 167).
Language acquisition at age 1-3 years old occurs naturally. It is meant that a child is insensibly acquiring the language but the fact he/she can produce the language for communication. The process of acquiring the language at the age before 5 years old is called as Golden age. This period show the progress of language development from one stage to another.
Nature versus
Nurture
The controversial between nature and nurture is explored by the ancient theories of language acquisition, that is, whether language is innate and God-given or learned by environment. Language acquisition is nurture and nature together to support each other. Acquisition by nature is necessary because without the provision of natural beings may not be the child can speak and nurture language acquisition are needed because without input from the surrounding environment of the natural provisions will not come (Dardjowidjojo, 2003)
The controversial between nature and nurture is explored by the ancient theories of language acquisition, that is, whether language is innate and God-given or learned by environment. Language acquisition is nurture and nature together to support each other. Acquisition by nature is necessary because without the provision of natural beings may not be the child can speak and nurture language acquisition are needed because without input from the surrounding environment of the natural provisions will not come (Dardjowidjojo, 2003)
Stages in First Language Acquisition
When human are born, he does not have suddenly
the grammatical of his first language in his brain and completely with its
rules. The native language is acquired through some stages, and every stage is
passed near to adult’s language. There are six stages in children’s first
language acquisition, namely:
·
Pre-talking
stage / Cooing (0-6 months)
·
Babbling stage (6-8 months)
·
Holophrastic
stage (9-18 months)
·
The
two-word stage (18-24 months)
·
Telegraphic
stage (24-30 months)
·
Later
multiword stage (30+months)
According to Aitchison in Harras and Andika (2009: 50-56),
stage of child language skills consist of the following things.
Language
acquisition phase
|
Age
|
|
Cry
|
Born
|
|
snore
|
6 weeks
|
|
Babble
|
6 months
|
|
intonation patterns
|
8 months
|
|
Utterances of the word
|
1 year
|
|
Two-word utterances
|
18 months
|
|
inflection word
|
2 years
|
|
Interrogative sentence and disbelieve
|
2 ¼ years
|
|
Construction rare and complex
|
5 years
|
|
Mature speech
|
10 years
|
Moreover,
in every stage of a child's first language acquisition have in common, namely
the process of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, also known
as the process of language development of children.
III. Methodology Of The Research
The methodology of this research is descriptive qualitative approach.
It is descriptive because it attempts to find out the children problems in
first language acquisition by Mikhaya Estela at age 1-3 years old. This
research uses cross-sectional studies because it has a group of children at the
age of less than 5 years old. The subject of this research is the children at
the age 1-3 years old named Mikhaya Estela who lived in Balata. For
this research, the writer uses the video recorder to record the conversation of
child and parents. In this research, to collect the data the writer applies
observation method and video recording of conversation between child and
parent. In analyzing the data, the writer conducts some procedures. The data
are collected from video recording of the conversation between child and
parent. The writer transcribes the recording data and analyzes it based on semantic, syntax and
pragmatic acquisition.
IV. Conclusion
Language acquisition can be obtained from the hearing listening and imitating. Each child is different in processing the same words although both aged 2 years or 4 years but not necessarily the child can pronounce the name of the same object.
Language acquisition is divided into two (2) include:
a. First language acquisition, or commonly called mother tongue. because the mother tongue is the first language in the master of man since the beginning of his life through interaction among community members
b. Acquisition of a second language is a process when a person obtains another language as their mother tongue.
Obtaining phonology or sounds of language begins with the acquisition of basic sounds. Acquiring semantic carried a child by observing and collecting as much information in their environment. What was observed by all five senses into their world knowledge. Based on the knowledge of the world is a child acquire language semantics her world by attaching "meaning" to keep the sound sequence specific language. Obtaining syntax is a child's ability to reveal something in the form of construction or sentence structure. Construction was started on a series of two words. And in developing children’s language there are six stages as the approaches of first language acquisition, they are cooing, babbling, holophrastic stage, the two-word stage, telegraphic stage and later multiword stage.
Language acquisition can be obtained from the hearing listening and imitating. Each child is different in processing the same words although both aged 2 years or 4 years but not necessarily the child can pronounce the name of the same object.
Language acquisition is divided into two (2) include:
a. First language acquisition, or commonly called mother tongue. because the mother tongue is the first language in the master of man since the beginning of his life through interaction among community members
b. Acquisition of a second language is a process when a person obtains another language as their mother tongue.
Obtaining phonology or sounds of language begins with the acquisition of basic sounds. Acquiring semantic carried a child by observing and collecting as much information in their environment. What was observed by all five senses into their world knowledge. Based on the knowledge of the world is a child acquire language semantics her world by attaching "meaning" to keep the sound sequence specific language. Obtaining syntax is a child's ability to reveal something in the form of construction or sentence structure. Construction was started on a series of two words. And in developing children’s language there are six stages as the approaches of first language acquisition, they are cooing, babbling, holophrastic stage, the two-word stage, telegraphic stage and later multiword stage.
Jumat, 18 November 2016
Pemerolehan Bahasa Pertama dan Bahasa Kedua pada Anak Usia Dini
A. Pemerolehan Bahasa Pertama
1. Pengertian
Pemerolehan bahasa berasal dari istilah Inggris aquisition yaitu proses penguasaan bahasa yang dilakukan oleh anak secara natural ketika anak belajar bahasa pertamanya atau bahasa ibunya. Proses anak mulai mengenal kominukasi dengan lingkungannya secara verbal.
Menurut Kiparsky (Tarigan,1986:243) pemerolehan bahasa merupakan proses yang dipergunakan oleh anak – anak untuk menyesuaikan serangkaian hipotesis yang makin bertambah rumit, ataupun teori – teori yang masih terpendam atau tersembunyi yang mungkin sekali terjadi dengan ucapan – ucapan orang tuanya sampai dia memilih berdasarkan suatu ukuran atau dari bahasa tersebut.
Sedangkan bahasa pertama adalah bahasa yang pertama kali diperoleh oleh anak sejak kelahirannya. Anak pada umumnya memperoleh komponen bahasa mereka yang pertama dari pengasuh dan biasanya dari ibunya yang disebut bahasa ibu. Oleh karena itu, bahasa pertama biasa disebut dengan bahasa ibu atau mother tongue. Anak pertama kali memperoleh bahasa tersebut antara masa bayi kurang lebih satu tahun, bermula dari mendengar orang yang mengajak bicara kemudian bayi memperhatikan wajah orang tersebut lalu bayi merespon sesuai dengan kemampuannya.
2. Tahap – Tahap Pemerolehan Bahasa Pertama
Seorang anak tidak dengan tiba – tiba memiliki tata bahasa dalam otaknya dan lengkap dengan semua kaidahnya. Bahasa pertama diperolehnya dalam beberapa tahap dan setiap tahap berikutnya lebih mendekati tata bahasa dari bahasa orang dewasa. Adapun tahap – tahap pemerolehan bahasa pertama adalah sebagai berikut :
a. Tahap Pralinguistik I (Meraban)
Tahap ini berlangsung ketika anak berusia 0 – 6 bulan. Bayi mulai mengeluarkan bunyi – bunyi dalam bentuk teriakan, rengekan. Bunyi yang dikeluarkan mirip dengan bunyi vokal atau konsonan. Kecenderungan bunyi yang dikeluarkan bersifat universal yaitu bunyi yang dikeluarkan bayi sama diseluruh dunia.
b. Tahap Pralinguistik II
Pada tahap ini usia sekitar 6 – 12 bulan bunyi yang dihasilkan sama tapi kita sudah bisa membedakan maksud anak. Anak sudah menghasilkan konsonan dan vokal.
c. Tahap Satu Kata
Tahap ini berlangsung ketika anak berusia antara 12 dan 18 bulan. Ujaran – ujaran mengandung kata – kata tunggal yang diucapkan anak mengacu pada benda – benda yang dijumpai sehari – hari. Pada tahap ini anak mulai mengerti bahwa bunyi ujar berkaitan dengan makna dan mulai mengucapkan kata – kata pertama. Kecenderungan anak hanya menguasai satu kata dan umumnya anak mudah mengucapkan vokal.
d. Tahap Dua Kata
Tahap ini berlangsung ketika anak berusia 18 – 20 bulan. Ujaran – ujaran yang terdiri atas dua kata muncul seperti mama mam dan num susu. Anak mampu mengucapkan kata dengan baik dan tersusun rapi.
e. Tahap Pengembangan Gramatikal
Pada tahap ini anak mulai menghasilkan ujaran kata ganda. Anak mulai mampu berbicara panjang. Anak juga mulai mampu berbicara terhadap banyak objek. Kosakata anak berkembang dengan pesat mencapai ratusan kata dan cara pengucapan kata – kata semakin mirip dengan orang dewasa. Biasanya anak cenderung banyak bertanya, banyak yang ingin diketahuinya.
3. Peran Bahasa Pertama
Bahasa pertama mempunyai peranan penting dalam pengembangan bahasa selanjutnya. Hasil penelitian Dulay, Burt, dan Krashen (1982) mengatakan bahwa bahasa pertama merupakan faktor utama dalam proses pemerolehan bahasa kedua. Menurut teori Behavioristik Watson dan Skinner, kebiasaan lama masuk dalam cara belajar kebiasaan baru yang berarti bahasa pertama mempengaruhi bahasa kedua.
B. Pemerolehan Bahasa Kedua
1. Pengertian
Bahasa kedua adalah bahasa yang digunakan anak setelah ia menguasai bahasa pertamanya. Pemerolehan bahasa kedua merupakan proses pemerolehan bahasa yang kompleks dan bertahap, baik yang dialami oleh anak maupun dewasa, baik bahasa lisan maupun tulisan. Elis (1989) menyatakan bahwa pemerolehan bahasa kedua merupakan proses yang kompleks dan mencakup banyak faktor yang saling berhubungan.
2. Faktor – Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pemerolehan Bahasa Kedua
a. Faktor Lingkungan Bahasa
Lingkungan bahasa adalah segala sesuatu yang didengar dan dilihat anak dalam belajar bahasa kedua yaitu bahasa yang digunakan dalam berkomunikasi sehari – hari oleh masyarakat disekitar anak.
b. Faktor Internal
Faktor internal adalah faktor seseorang yang dapat mempengaruhi anak dalam berbahasa. Faktor tersebut adalah : (1) kepribadian, (2) umur, (3) motivasi.
3. Peranan Bahasa Kedua
Peranan bahasa kedua lebih difokuskan pada penguasaan bahasa anak usia dini dalam rangka pengembangan keterampilan berbahasa. Oleh karena itu, masalah pemerolehan bahasa kedua penting untuk diketahui oleh pendidik anak usia dini sehingga bahasa kedua bisa diperoleh dengan baik oleh anak usia dini.
C. Teori – Teori Tentang Pemerolehan Bahasa Pertama
1. Teori Behaviorisme
Teori behaviorisme menyoroti aspek perilaku kebahasaan yang dapat diamati langsung dan antara hubungan antara rangsangan (stimulus) dan reaksi (respone). Perilaku bahasa yang efektif adalah memuat reaksi yang tepat terhadap rangsangan. Reaksi ini akan menjadi suatu kebiasaan jika reaksi itu dibenarkan. Dengan demikian, anak belajar bahasa pertamanya.
Menurut Skinner, tokoh aliran behaviorisme, perilaku kebahasaan sama dengan perilaku yang lain dikontrol oleh konsekuensinya. Menurut pandangan kaum behavioristik anak yang baru lahir ke dunia ini dianggap kosong dari bahasa atau kosong dari struktur linguistik yang dibawanya. Anak tersebut ibarat tabularasa atau kertas putih yang belum ditulisi, lingkungannyalah yang akan memberi corak dan warna pada kertas itu. Namun pemerolehan seperti ini memerlukan penguatan (reinfocment)
2. Teori Nativisme
Menurut teori nativisme, bahasa hanya dapat dikuasai oleh manusia, binatang tidak mungkin menguasai bahasa manusia. Menurut Chomsky, hal ini didasarkan pada beberapa asumsi. Pertama, perilaku berbahasa adalah sesuatu yang diturunkan (genetik), setiap bahasa memiliki perkembangan yang sama (merupakan sesuatu yang universal) lingkungan memiliki peran kecil didalam proses pematangan bahasa. Kedua, bahasa dapat dikuasai dalam waktu yang relatif singkat. Ketiga, lingkungan bahasa anak tidak dapat menyediakan data yang cukup bagi penguasaan tata bahasa yang rumit dari orang dewasa. Menurut aliran ini, bahasa adalah sesuatu yang kompleks dan rumit sehingga mustahil dapat dikuasai dalam waktu singkat melalui ‘peniruan’. Nativisme juga percaya bahwa setiap manusia yang lahir sudah dibekali dengan suatu alat untuk memperoleh bahasa (Language Acquisition Device, disingkat LAD).
3. Teori Kognitivisme
Menurut teori ini, bahasa bukanlah suatu ciri alamiah yang terpisah melainkan salah satu diantara beberapa kemampuan yang berasal dari kematangan kognitif. Bahasa distrukturi oleh nalar. Perkembangan bahasa harus berlandaskan pada perubahan yg lebih mendasar dan lebih umum didalam kognisi. Menurut teori kognitivisme, yang paling utama harus dicapai adalah perkembangan kognitif, barulah pengetahuan dapat keluar dalam bentuk keterampilan berbahasa. Pendekatan kognitivistik yang dipelopori oleh Louis Bloom memandang bahwa pemerolehan bahasa anak-anak harusb dilihat dari fungsi bahasa sebagai alat komunikasi.
4. Teori Interaksionisme
Teori interaksionisme beranggapan bahwa pemerolehan bahasa merupakan hasil interaksi antara kemampuan mental pembelajaran dan lingkungan bahasa. Pemerolehan bahasa itu berhubungan dengan adanya interaksi antara masukan ‘input’ dan kemampuan internal pembelajar. Setiap anak sudah memiliki LAD sejak lahir, namun tanpa adanya masukan yang sesuai tidak mungkin anak dapat menguasai bahasa tertentu secara otomatis
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